![]() Department of Lands, Wellington, New Zealand. Report on the dune areas of New Zealand plants, their geology, botany, and reclaimation. Unfortunately forestry management continues to use exotics species in the management of forestry estates 9, many of which are located in coastal areas that would once have been part of natural dune systems. Their findings have enabled the gradual adoption of coastal rehabilitation schemes around the country. This problem provided an opportunity to examine the potential for native to be used to once again to achieve stable dunes systems 3.īased on Cockayne's observations of what were the major indigenous sand binders, investigation into the use and restoration of these species has been advanced primarily by the Forest Research Institute, and has lead to the establishment of the Coastal Dune Vegetation Network (CDVN) 3,4,5. The practice of planting marram and lupin to protect dunelands continued unabaited throughout the 20th century until the 1980's when lupin blight appeared, threatening the stability of marram dunelands 3. More contemporary examples of bad practice tend to related to recreational activity and include the removal of sand, vehicle damage (by dune buggies, trail bikes and 4-wheel drives), bonfires, as well as pressures from residential and industrial activity in coastal areas, weeds and pests and allowing stock onto dune lands. An additional bonus in using lupin was its ability to fix nitrogen, eliminating the need and cost to fertilise marram, and permitted the planting of pasture and forestry 3. It also permitted the reclamation of the extensive active dune systems associated with pikao for other purposes, primarily pasture and forestry 3,4,6. This prevented further sand drift and erosion of land which had begun because of increased wind exposure through dune blowouts 3,6. It was acknowledged that factors such as fire and stock damage from trampling, uprooting and grazing were to blame for this degradation 8 and large scale planting of marram and yellow tree lupin was initiated 3,4. This method of stabilisation based on recommendations made by Cockayne was then adopted by the Ministry of Lands at the turn of the century to deal with a growing problem of dune instability 3,4 and sand drifts inland arising from damaged relict sand dunes 7. The success of this revegetation then lead to the fervent sowing of marram grass and lupin around the Otago region, with the resultant dune reformation proclaimed to be a "most gratifying" outcome 6. ![]() Subsequently, Thomas introduced marram grass ( Ammophila arenaria) and yellow tree lupin ( Lupinus arboreus) after other methods such as shrub fences failed to halt the drifting sand. "to relieve the monotony of waiting (for frost fish to strand on the beach) and at the same time cater for their comfort, the boys used to set fire to the native grass, and night saw patches of sandhills ablaze".Ĭonsequently he noted that areas of dune that were now devoid of vegetation were blowing out, causing sand to drift over the productive land where people had settled with no signs of regeneration of the vegetation. This decline has largely been a result of bad practices on coastal land (such as fire) and the desirability of coastal land for agricultural and forestry purposes 2,3,4,5,6,7.Įxamples of bad practices on coastal land can be traced back to 1880's in the Otago region in Murray Thomas's work "A Pakeha's Recollections" 6. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.The demise of the once common pikao can be attributed to the arrival of Europeans to New Zealand as inferred by the botanist Leonard Cockayne 1 who stated that pikao had been common throughout the country. The Android robot is reproduced or modified from work created and shared by Google and used according to terms described in the Creative Commons 3.0 Attribution License. Microsoft and the Window logo are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the U.S. ![]() Alexa and all related logos are trademarks of, Inc. App Store is a service mark of Apple Inc. Mac, iPhone, iPad, Apple and the Apple logo are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. Android, Google Chrome, Google Play and the Google Play logo are trademarks of Google, LLC. ![]() Firefox is a trademark of Mozilla Foundation. or its affiliates in the United States and other countries. NortonLifeLock, the NortonLifeLock Logo, the Checkmark Logo, Norton, LifeLock, and the LockMan Logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of NortonLifeLock Inc. LifeLock identity theft protection is not available in all countries.Ĭopyright © 2022 NortonLifeLock Inc. The Norton and LifeLock Brands are part of NortonLifeLock Inc.
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